Different Types of Equity Mutual Funds

Mutual funds are commonly described as a pool of “financial instruments” managed by an investment firm. The “instruments” in an equity mutual fund pool are the stocks of publicly traded companies. Fund managers buy and sell stocks within the fund, generally trying to achieve better returns than the overall stock market. Investors buy shares of that pool when they buy a mutual fund share.⁴

Equity mutual fund shares increase in value if the market price of the stocks inside the fund rises⁵ called capital appreciation⁶ – or if the stocks issue dividends that are reinvested in the fund.⁷ You make money by selling your mutual fund shares at a higher price than you bought them.⁸

For some, equity funds may be an easier way to invest in the stock market than picking individual stocks, so they are attractive to beginning investors. But their built-in stock diversification attracts some seasoned investors, too. As a result, 20% of all publicly traded U.S. corporate equities are held within mutual funds.

Because owning a share of an equity fund is akin to buying a small piece of each stock inside the fund, it’s important to understand the fund’s stated investment goal and its underlying investment holdings. The name of an equity fund typically suggests what its holdings and goals will be.

Most equity funds can be classified into one of five categories based on the fund description. These categories are:

Equity mutual funds can invest in companies of all sizes but often have a focus on one size of company. Market “cap” relates to the size of the companies whose stocks the fund owns, not the size of the fund.⁹ Three types of equity funds can be differentiated by market cap:¹⁰

Occasionally, terms like mega-cap and micro-cap are used to describe company sizes at the extremes of the size spectrum.

Investment managers sometimes choose their investments based on a company’s stage in its life cycle.

“Growth” funds invest in growth-stage companies — those expected to grow at a faster rate than the overall stock market. Unrelated to size, their expected growth may relate to their industry or something unique in the company’s business strategy.⁶ Growth funds may take a buy-and-hold strategy, which means they own a company’s shares for a long time, hoping for stock price appreciation.¹¹

“Value” funds take an opposite approach, investing in well-established companies that may grow slowly and whose shares are trading at what the fund manager believes is a bargain price — below where they should be. Value stocks may pay dividends, which equity fund shareowners are usually able to reinvest or cash out as income, causing some value funds to be called “income funds.”⁶

Equity mutual funds invest in domestic companies, international companies, a combination of both, or a subset of either. A global mutual fund — aka world fund — invests in both foreign and domestic companies. An international fund focuses on foreign companies only. Regional funds buy stock in companies in a particular part of the world, like Latin America or Asia, and country-specific funds further concentrate in a particular country. Equity funds buy stocks from around the world as a strategy to increase diversification and earnings opportunities. This strategy may also increase risk from international economics and politics.¹²

“Index” funds are equity mutual funds purposely built to mirror a stock market index, such as the S&P 500, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and the Russell 2000.⁹ Once established, index fund managers use a passive investment strategy, meaning that instead of actively picking new stocks for the fund, they manage the relative weights and values of each stock within the fund so that it reflects the benchmark index.⁹ As a result, most index mutual funds have lower management fees than actively managed equity funds.⁹ The trade-off for index funds tends to be slower, measured growth over the long term.¹³

There are many types of specialized equity mutual funds, most of which are industry-specific or use a particular filter for choosing stocks. Sector funds, for example, focus on a single industry, like technology or health care.⁵ ESG funds offer socially responsible investing opportunities for companies that meet certain criteria for environmental, social, and governance policies.¹⁴ Such specialized funds come with a trade-off: It’s generally accepted that as investing focus narrows, the built-in diversification within an equity mutual fund declines.¹⁵