How to Make a Monthly Budget in 4 Steps

Let’s take a closer look at each step.

Plan to set aside a quiet time to concentrate on budgeting. If you need to schedule an appointment with yourself (and/or your partner) a few weeks in advance, that’s fine: Everyone knows quiet time is often scarcer than money.

To create your budget, you’ll need to collect and categorize information about all your income and expenses.² To get an accurate picture of average monthly income and spending, you’ll need to gather information covering at least several months—ideally a year or more. There are several ways to do this:

You may need to combine several of these methods to collect all the required information. Initially, you may not think of everything, and that’s OK. Just make a list of missing items. Then, you can find (or guesstimate) them all at once, rather than constantly interrupting your budgeting session to track down individual pieces of information.

Whichever method you use, it’s a good idea to set up a system that lets you continue doing this on an ongoing basis with minimum effort. Some online tools, for example, continuously gather information from your financial accounts, so you can see how your spending or income changes over time and adjust your monthly budget if necessary.

Focus on income first: that can be easier. Maybe you already organized last year’s when you did your taxes—though certain untaxed income, such as your employer’s pension contributions, might not be immediately visible.

For the current year, categorize your online deposits or work from pay stubs and other paper records. Income from side gigs or freelance work, overtime, and bonuses can bounce up and down, so track a full year if you can.² If you earn quarterly or annual interest or dividends, track those, too. Don’t forget other income sources, such as:

With this information, you can calculate average monthly income over a year (or whatever period you’re using). If income changes significantly each month, reduce your estimate to reflect lower-income months. That way, you’ll be less likely to be caught short. (Tip: You may be able to adjust some bills to arrive later in the month, after income arrives.)

Start with expenses that must be paid. Some essential expenses are fairly predictable, such as:

Other costs change significantly in timing and amount, but you know they’ll exist:

Then, there are discretionary expenses: money you (mostly) choose to spend.³ Here’s a list to start with:

Of course, some expenses are partially discretionary. Some jobs have high expectations for dress. Or you might have a cable/internet bundle where internet’s a must but premium movie channels aren’t. But for now, you’re figuring out what you actually spend.

Don’t forget expenses paid in cash. Track withdrawals by ATM or check, then reflect on where they went:

I actually gamify this. The more obscure expenses I remember, the bigger the win I give myself—even if it’s just that little extra mental kick that comes from remembering an oddball expense as if it were an obscure answer at our local pub’s trivia contest.

If you know a significant expense is coming—say, a sizable repair—try to build it into your budget so you can start saving for it.³ So, too, build in monthly savings for short- and medium-term goals.¹ For example, if next year’s vacation will cost $3,000, plan to save $250 per month for the next 12 months.

Finally, consider emergencies. Maybe you’ve already tracked some—e.g., an unexpected health expense from a few months ago. Since they’re “unexpected” (as opposed to merely “overlooked”), you can’t predict exactly how much the next one will cost. But some experts suggest building a $1,000 emergency fund ASAP, and then gradually growing it to 3-6 months of expenses.⁴ So if you want to build a basic emergency fund in four months, you’d add $250 of emergency savings to your monthly budget.