Bitcoin and the Future of Blockchain in International Payments Systems

Summary

In 2009, an anonymous coder using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto created the world’s first digital currency. It was underpinned by a revolutionary technology – "blockchain" – enabling near-instantaneous international payments without using intermediaries. Bitcoin is the currency’s name; bitcoins are its units.

A bitcoin is a number associated with a particular Bitcoin address, which is assigned to a user by means of an encrypted electronic signature. Bitcoins are created as a reward for digital puzzle-solving, the process of which is called “mining.” As more bitcoins enter the international payment system, mining “undiscovered” ones becomes more difficult, requiring greater computing power. The energy cost of bitcoin mining is now considerable. Some miners locate themselves in places such as Iceland where energy is abundant and cheap, but many people question whether this energy could be more productively used.

Bitcoin – How Does This Online International Payments System Work?

When a Bitcoin user sends a bitcoin to another user, the bitcoin number is reassigned from the sending address to the receiving one. Bitcoin users “see” this as bitcoins “moving” from the sender’s wallet to the recipient’s, just as a pound note moves from the payer’s back pocket to the recipient’s in a physical cash transaction. Bitcoin’s distributed ledger records the change in both wallets.

Because Bitcoin’s underlying blockchain technology maintains a permanent record of bitcoin movements distributed across all computers in the Bitcoin system, it is not as anonymous as physical cash. It is more like an international payments system.

In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, Bitcoin’s transparent peer-to-peer nature appealed to people weary of broken banks. Computer-literate people adopted Bitcoin as the symbol of the new technology that would save a failing financial system. Investors worried about inflationary consequences of central banks’ quantitative easing valued Bitcoin’s gold-like nature: since no more than 21 million bitcoins could ever be mined, there was no risk of value destruction through hyperinflation. And because Bitcoin is neither issued nor controlled by governments, it attracted those who did not trust government – or wished to avoid government attention.

The uncontrolled and untraceable nature of Bitcoin quickly made it the currency of choice for online drug dealers and money launderers. Even after the Silk Road website was closed down by the FBI in 2013¹, Bitcoin’s reputation as the “criminals’ currency” proved hard to shift. In 2015, a study showed positive correlation between Bitcoin use and criminal behaviour.²

But Bitcoin is becoming more respectable, gaining acceptance in retail outlets as well as for legitimate online international payments. Physical bitcoins have been minted since September 2011, and the first Bitcoin ATM went into service in Vancouver, Canada, in October 2013.

As more bitcoins entered circulation, exchanges such as the Tokyo-based Mt. Gox sprang up to enable users to buy and sell bitcoins. Bitcoin funds also appeared, some – such as Bitcoin Central - offering banking-like services. Online marketplaces accepting Bitcoin proliferated. Unfortunately, the anonymity of Bitcoin made funds, exchanges and marketplaces targets for hackers: there were numerous thefts, often involving large quantities of bitcoins. Fraudulent investment schemes also appeared, offering fictitious returns to unwary investors.

Inevitably, Bitcoin attracted the attention of regulators concerned about money laundering, tax evasion and fraud.³ A few countries – like Iceland and Ecuador – have banned Bitcoin completely, while a larger number (China, India, many European countries) have restricted its use. Most countries now tax profits from Bitcoin trading and investment. So far, few countries recognize Bitcoin as “money.” For example, Bitcoin is not regulated in the U.K. and is treated as “private money,” though bitcoin trading is subject to capital gains tax and a VAT tax is applied to any goods sold in exchange for the currency.⁴ In Australia, bitcoin is deemed as an asset for capital gains tax purposes rather than a form of money or foreign currency.⁵

Challenges Faced By The Bitcoin Payments System

As an international payments system,Bitcoin faces a dilemma. Will it remain a niche technology, or could it challenge existing international payments providers? Under current protocols, Bitcoin has significant capacity limits. If it is to become a world-leading payments solution, the Bitcoin community must agree to increase the size of the blockchain so that Bitcoin can handle larger volumes fast and efficiently.⁶ So far, no agreement has been reached.

Bitcoin also has challengers. The Ethereum virtual currency offers the same anonymous transaction capability as Bitcoin, but takes it a stage further, with “smart contracts” that enable consumers to set their own legal terms and conditions.⁷ Other banks are developing new international payments systems based on Ethereum blockchain technology.⁸

The Takeaway:

Bitcoin is still a long way from becoming an international settlement currency to rival the U.S. dollar, let alone a substitute for government-issued fiat currencies. But governments are very interested in blockchain technology as a solution to central clearing problems.⁹ In addition to competition from Ethereum and others, Bitcoin may soon be challenged by digital currencies issued by central banks. But whether or not Bitcoin itself survives these storms, one thing is clear. Blockchain technology is set to revolutionise international payments.