Imagine facing this question on a game show:
"Which of the following cannot be used for accounting purposes?"
- A sales invoice
- A proforma invoice
- A tax invoice
The correct answer is "proforma invoice". Would you have put all your money on it? More to the point, if a customer asks for a proforma, do you know what it should and shouldn’t be used for and exactly how to send one?
Understanding proforma
Proforma means 'for the sake of form' or 'as a matter of form' and is shown in financial statements to indicate that the financial results have been calculated using presumptions or projections.
There are three common types of proforma statements:
- Proforma balance sheets
- Proforma cash flow statements
- Proforma income statements
But we’re going to explore a different type of proforma document; the proforma invoices.
What is a proforma invoice?
A proforma invoice is a preliminary bill or estimated invoice which is used to request payment from the committed buyer for goods or services before they are supplied. A proforma invoice includes a description of the goods, the total payable amount and other details about the transaction.
It is essentially a "good faith" agreement between you (the seller) and a customer so the buyer knows what to expect ahead of time.
For example, if payment is required in advance to ensure financing is secured before you manufacture goods or supply a service, a proforma can be used to propose the details of the upcoming transaction.
Is a proforma invoice legally binding?
Although a proforma includes much, if not all, of the same information that appears on a final sales invoice, it doesn’t carry the same legal weight and shouldn’t be used for accounting purposes, or as a binding agreement.
In many ways, a proforma is closer to a quote or estimate than an invoice. This is because customers aren’t required to pay the amount listed on the proforma, the total amount due isn’t recorded under the customer’s accounts payable or your accounts receivable, and you can’t use a proforma to reclaim VAT.
Proforma invoices in the UK
Since proforma invoices aren't considered to be commercial invoices, they’re not subject to the same rules and regulations. This means it isn’t strictly necessary for them to include details about VAT (and HMRC is clear that they cannot be used to reclaim VAT [1]).
However, there are some advantages to including this information. Firstly, since proforma invoices can be considered to be draft invoices, it's important that they are as close to the eventual 'official' invoice as possible. Including VAT information gives customers a more accurate picture of how much they can expect to pay.
When should you send a proforma invoice?
The key point to remember is that a proforma is usually sent to a customer or client when they’ve committed to purchasing from you, but can’t be sent an official invoice because the final details still need to be confirmed. Once the customer agrees to everything, then you deliver the goods and issue a formal invoice.
How does a proforma differ from other types of invoices?
To better understand where a proforma fits into the sales process, here are what other common invoice types are used for:
Sales invoice
A sales invoice is a formal request for payment that’s sent at the same time as, or shortly after, goods or services are supplied. As well as a payment request, it’s also a tax document and, if it includes VAT, it may be called a tax invoice.
Commercial invoice
A commercial invoice is used in international shipments to declare to the customer and customs officials what is being shipped, who is selling and buying, the date and sale terms, the quantity and weight of goods, and other details. Commercial invoices are used to calculate the financial value of goods being traded and any applicable taxes that may apply to the shipment. To find out more, read our guide to commercial invoices.
Credit memo
If goods are damaged or there’s been a clerical error or another mistake, a credit memo provides details of a refund for the original sales invoice in part or in full or credit that’s used towards future purchases.
Proforma invoice
The purpose of a proforma invoice is to show how much goods or services will cost to help the customer decide if they want to go ahead with the purchase.
Proforma invoices, taxes, and VAT
A proforma doesn’t fix the tax point of a transaction. The tax point is also known as the "time of supply" – it’s the day on which the sale takes place for VAT purposes. For example, let’s say you’re a supplier of raw leather materials. The size of each leather skin differs and will need to be checked in the warehouse before you confirm the exact dimensions.
You send a proforma invoice to a customer who has enquired about a particular item. On the proforma, you list every detail of the proposed sale. At this point, the tax point hasn’t occurred, and you would not use the date on the proforma in your tax accounting.
The customer confirms they’d like to go ahead and sends payment. You then issue a final sales invoice. The date on this invoice is the tax point and is used for your VAT return.
Can a proforma invoice be cancelled?
As a proforma invoice is not a legally binding document, or the official invoice used for accounting, they do not need to be cancelled. Similarly to a quotation document, if the sale does not go ahead, no action is required to edit or cancel the proforma invoice.
That means it’s possible for a customer to change their mind and not go ahead with a purchase even after you’ve sent them a proforma invoice. For this reason, it’s always a good idea to maintain visibility over every aspect of your incoming and outgoing payments, so you know how a cancelled order may affect cash flow.
The American Express® Business Gold Card comes with a range of digital tools that help you keep a firm grip on company expenses, as well as a handy overview of your day-to-day spending¹.
How to create a proforma invoice
The same method used to create regular invoices can be applied to create a proforma invoice. Most accounting or invoicing software include proforma invoice templates. Alternatively, you can create your own proforma invoice in applications like Microsoft Word and Google Docs.
What to include on a proforma invoice
The primary purpose of a proforma invoice is to show your customer the details of the proposed transaction. As such, it should include the same information as the final invoice:
- The unique invoice number
- Your company name, address and contact details
- Your customer’s name and address
- Date of issue and the due date
- Description of the goods
- How long the price is valid
- A link to any applicable terms or conditions
- Payment terms (whether or not the customer makes payment at the proforma stage, it’s worth giving them instructions on how they’ll pay)
- VAT (Although a proforma isn’t a tax invoice, you should still show what the VAT amount is expected to be)
Unlike the final sales invoice, the proforma should include:
- The term "Proforma invoice", so your client knows it’s not a sales or tax invoice
- The phrase "This is not a tax invoice"
Now you know all about proforma invoices, you hopefully have one less detail to worry about in your sales process.
1. If you'd prefer a Card with no annual fee, rewards or other features, an alternative option is available – the Business Basic Card.
Sources:
